കാഴ്ചയുടെ ജനിതകം -ആമുഖം

\h-am-[ya hyh-lm-c-Im-es¯ kn\na

tUm. FÂ. AeIvkv

      

CXv am[ya bpK-amWv. P\m-[n-]-Xy-s¯-¡mÄ am[y-am-[n-]-Xy-¯n-tâ-XmWv C¶s¯ temIw. hÀ¯ame-Ime kmaq-ly-Po-hn-Xs¯ \nÀ®bn¡p¶ LS-I-§-fn _lp-P-\-am-[y-a-§Ä¡pÅ ]¦v hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. {]tXy-In¨v ae-bm-fn-bpsS kmaq-ly-Po-hn-Xs¯ C¶s¯ Ah-Ø-bn cq]-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xn\v ]n¶n _lp-P\ am[y-a-§-fpsS hfsc hn]p-e-amb kzm[o-\-ap-­v.

 19þmw \qäm-­nse \thm-°m\þkmaq-lnI {]km-Ym-\-§Ä¡p ]n¶nse NmeIiàn {][m-\-am-bpw ]pkvXI, ]-{X-, am-knIm {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. 20þmw \qäm-­nsâ BZy ]Ip-Xn-bn A¨Sn am[y-a-§-tfm-sSm¸w tdUn-tbm, kn\na F¶o c­v ]pXnb {ihy-þ-Zriy am[y-a-§fpw c­mw ]Ip-Xn-bn sSen-hn-j³, CâÀs\äv F¶o Zriy-am-[y-a-§-fp-amWv ae-bm-fn-bpsS Pohn-Xs¯ kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambn kzm[o-\n-¨-Xv. 1990 þ apX A¨-Sn, {imhy, Zriy am[y-a-§-sfÃmw CâÀs\äv Xpd-¶n« km[y-X-IÄ ]c-am-h[n {]tbm-P\-s¸-Sp¯n kzbw \ho-I-cn-¨p-sIm­v _lp-P\ am[ya bpKw (Mass Media Age) F¶v hnti-jn-¸n-¡m-hp¶ Hcp Ime-L-«-¯n\v XpS¡w Ipdn-¨p.

 I¼yq-«À kmt¦-Xn-I-Xbpw CâÀs\äv km²y-X-Ifpw D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m­v cwK-¯p-h¶ \h-am-[y-a-§Ä¡v ]gb am[y-a-§-sf-sbÃmw \ho-I-cn-¨p-sIm­v am[y-a-cw-K-am-sI¯s¶ DS-¨p-hmÀ¡m³ Ign-ªp. kmt¦-Xn-I-X-bpsS Dev]-¶-amb C¯cw ssk_À am[y-a-§Ä C¶v `mj, kmln-Xyw, Ie, kaq-lw, kwkvImcw XpS§n a\p-jysâ FÃm-¯cw hyh-lm-c-§-sfbpw kzm[o-\n-¨p-sIm-­n-cn-¡p-¶p. \h-am-[ya tI{µnXhpw \nb-{´n-X-hp-amb hÀ¯am\-Im-e¯v Gähpw IqSp-X Agn-¨p-]-Wn-b-s¸« Ie-bmW,v \nc-h[n kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-ZyIfpsS kwtbm-PnX krjvSn-bmb kn\n-a. Iyma-d, sseänw-Kv, dnt¡m-Unw-Kv, FUn-änwKv XpS-§nb kmt¦-XnI Xe-§-fn am{X-a-à {]tabw, ImgvN, A\p-`-hw, {]Xn-I-cWw XpS-§nb kmwkm-Im-cnI Xe-§-fnepw Cu amäw {]I-S-am-Wv.

Ne-¨n-{X-§Ä Ah \nÀ½n¡s¸-Sp¶ Ime-¯n-sâbpw kaq-l-¯n-sâbpw kmwkvIm-cnI {]Xn-^-e-\-am-Wv. AtX-k-abw Xs¶ AXv Xncn¨v kaq-l-¯n kzm[o\w sNep-¯p-Ibpw sN¿p¶p. Hmtcm Ime¯pw kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ s]mXp-[m-csb cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xv Ne-¨n-{X-a-S-¡-apÅ am[y-a-§-fm-Wv. ]pXp Xe-ap-d-bpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ PohnX hyh-lm-c-§-fn kn\na henb kzm[o\w sNep-¯p-¶p-­v. Ah-cpsS hyàn-Xz-s¯bpw kz`m-h-s¯bpw cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xnepw Hcp ]cn[n hsc kn\n-abv¡v ]¦p-­v. AXp-sIm-­p-Xs¶ Ne-¨n{X \nÀ½nXn hfsc Kuc-h-t¯m-sSbpw kq£va-ambpw ssIImcyw sNt¿­ H¶mWv F¶ Xncn-¨-dnhv AXp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«-hÀ¡v Ahiyw D­m-tI­XmWv.

tIc-f¯nse kÀÆ-Iem-im-e-I-fn _ncp-Z- _n-cp-Zm-\-´c Xe-§-fn Ne-¨n-{X-Ie C¶v Hcp ]T-\-hn-j-b-amWv. 2016 Unkw-_dn s\Sp-a-§mSv Kh¬saâv tImtf-Pn h¨v ae-bmf hn`m-K-¯nsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯n ‘Ne-¨n-{X-Ie Zriyhpw s]mcpfpw’ F¶ ioÀj-I-¯n aq¶p Znhkw \o­p \n¶ Hcp tZiob skan-\mÀ \S-¶p. hÀ¯am\-Im-es¯ Gähpw ià-amb P\-{]n-b-Ie F¶ \ne-bnepw ka-Im-enI kaq-ls¯ AXnsâ ssZ\w-Zn\ hyh-lm-c-§-fn-e-S¡w kzm[o-\n-¡m³ Ign-hpÅ _lp-P-\-am-[yaw F¶ \ne-bnepw kmlnXyw, kwKo-Xw, inev]w XpS-§n kmt¦-XnI Ie-IÄ hsc DÄt¨À¶ Hcp Iem-cq]w F¶ \ne-bnepw A\-´-amb km²y-X-I-fpÅ Hcp Bhn-jvImc cq]w F¶ \ne-bnepw kn\na hne-bn-cp-¯-s¸-«p.

skan-\m-dn NÀ¨-IÄ¡pw kwhm-Z-§Ä¡pw hnj-b-am-bn-¯oÀ¶ Bi-b-§Ä t{ImUo-I-cn¨v ]pkvX-I-cq-]-¯n-em-¡Wsa¶ A²ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw hnZymÀ°n-I-fp-sSbpw XmXv]-cy-¯nsâ km£m-XvIm-c-amWv, Ne-¨n-{X-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« hyXykvX Xe-§Ä Bg-¯n A]-{K-Yn-¡p¶ 19 teJ-\-§-fpsS kam-lm-c-amb ‘ImgvN-bpsS P\n-X-Iw’. kn\n-a-bpsS kmt¦-Xn-I-þ-kÀ¤mßI Xe-§Ä, {]ta-b-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-IÄ, ka-Im-enI ae-bmfkn\n-a, C´y³ kn\n-a, temI-kn-\n-a, kn\n-a-bpsS P\-{]n-b-X, \yq P\-td-j³ kn\n-a, sk³k-dnwKv F¶p XpS§n kn\n-a-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸« GXm-s­Ãm taJ-e-I-sfbpw ]T\ hnt[-b-am-¡p-¶p­v Cu teJ-\-§Ä.

Ne-¨n-{X-¯nsâ `mjm-hym-I-c-W-§-sfbpw t{]£-Isâ Bkzm-Z\ £a-X-sbbpw \ho-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn B[p-\nI kmt¦-Xn-I-hnZy hln¨ ]¦v sNdp-X-Ã. 2010þIÄ¡ptijw D­mb ‘\yq P\-td-j³’ F¶ hnfnt¸tcmSp-Iq-Snb kn\n-a-Isf B kn\n-a-IÄ P\n¨ kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI Imem-h-Ø-bpsS ]Ým-¯-e-¯n h¨pthWw hne-bn-cp-t¯-­-Xv.

BÀ. ]n. inh-Ip-amÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸Sp-¶-Xp-t]mse, 2010þ\v sXm«p-ap-¼pÅ ]¯v hÀj-¡m-e-¯n-\n-S-bv¡mWv tIc-f-¯n ^m³kv Atkm-kn-tb-j-\p-IÄ hym]-I-ambn kPo-h-am-Ip-¶-Xv. C¯cw ‘]c-kv]cklm-b-k-l-I-cWkwL-§-fp’sS {]hÀ¯\§Ä ae-bmf kn\n-a-bn ap¼n-Ãm¯ hn[w Xmcm-cm-[-\-IÄ¡v B¡w Iq«p-¶Xn\pw ]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy-]-chpw P\m-[n-]Xy hncp-²-hp-amb aqey-§Ä¡v {]m[m\yw hÀ²n¡p¶-Xn\pw Imc-W-am-bn. tIc-fob kaq-l-¯n PmXn-a-X-Nn-´-Isf ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Zn-¸n-¡m\pw {]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-§sf hyàn-I-fn-tebv¡v Npcp¡n, P\-ap-t¶-ä-§sf CÃm-Xm¡n, Acm-jv{So-bX hfÀ¯m\pw Cu Ime-L-«-¯n-ep-­mb kn\n-a-IÄ hln¨ ]¦pw sNdp-X-Ã. C¯cw Hcp {]Xn-k-Ôn-L-«-¯nÂ\n¶pÅ tamN\w F¶ \ne-bn-emWv \yq P\-td-j³ kn\n-a-I-fpsS hc-hv. \yq P\-td-j³ kn\n-a-I-fpsS Hcp {]tXy-I-X-Xs¶ c­mw-\n-c-¡mtcm ]pXp-ap-J-§tfm Bb A`n-t\-Xm-¡Ä¡v e`n¨ {]m[m-\y-amWv F¶ hkvXp-Xbpw ChnsS HmÀt¡-­-Xp-­v.

ap³\nc kn\nam BÀ«n-Ìp-I-fpsS A]-hm-Z-§fpw Bt£-]-§-fp-apÄs¸sS hnaÀi-\-§Ä Gsd Gäp-hm-t§-­n-h¶p \yq P\-td-j³ kn\n-a-I-Ä¡v. hnaÀi-\-§-fn Gsdbpw AXnse AÇo-e-]-Z-§-fp-sSbpw ssewKnI hnh-£-I-fp-sSbpw ZzbmÀ°-{]-tbm-K-§-fp-sSbpw t]cn-em-Wv. C¯csamcp Btcm-]Ww hntZi kn\n-a-IÄ¡v _m[-I-am-Im-\p-Å km[yX hf-sc-¡p-d-hmWv F¶pw kv{Xo ]pcpj kw_-Ôn-bmb kZm-Nm-c-t¯bpw kw`m-j-W-§-fnse Xpd-¶p-]-d-¨n-en-s\bpw ap³\nÀ¯n Hcp kn²m-´-cq-]o-I-cWw Imen-I-ambn Ahn-S-§-fn km[y-aà F¶-Xm-Wn-Xn\p ImcWw F¶p-apÅ inh-Ip-am-dnsâ \nco-£Ww \½psS ap³\nc kn\n-am-{]-hÀ¯Icn Hcp hn`m-K-¯nsâ Im]-Sy-§Ä¡pw Cc-«-¯m¸v \b-§Ä¡pw t\sc-bpÅ hncÂNq­-em-Wv.

50 tImSn ¢ºnepw 100 tImSn ¢ºnepsams¡ Øm\w-]n-Sn-¡p-¶ ‘]pen-ap-cp-I³’ t]mse-bpÅ Nn{X-§Ä \nÀ½n¡p¶-Xn\v tImSn-IÄ apS¡pt¼mÄ ]cn-Øn-Xnbpw kv{Xo {]iv\-§fpw Acn-Ip-Po-hn-X-§-fp-sams¡ Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p¶ kam-´c kn\n-a-IÄ sNdnb apX ap-S-¡n km²y-am-Ip¶p F¶- hkvXp-Xsb \mw hfsc A`n-am-\-t¯msS ImWm-dp-­v. F¶m CXp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v, kam-´c kn\n-a-IÄ Ne-¨n-{Xm-Jym\ coXn-I-fpsS Imcy-¯n Ah-bpsS hgn hep-Xm-sbm¶pw ]pXp-¡n-bn-«nà F¶pw kmaq-ln-I-{]-Xn-_-²X DÄs¡m­v kn\n-a-IÄ {]N-c-Wm-bp-[-ambn amdp-t¼mÄ Ah-bpsS kuµ-cymw-i-§Ä CÃm-sX-bmIp¶p F¶Xc-¯n Nne {it²-b-amb hkvXp-XIfpw ‘]pXp-X-e-ap-d-¨n-{X-§-fpsS KWw hÀ¤]c-amb XpSÀ¨-IÄ’ F¶ teJ-\-¯n-ep-­v. CXn\v A\p-_-Ô-ambn hmbn-¡m-hp¶XmWv hÀ¯am\-Ime ae-bmf kn\n-asb khn-ti-j-ambn hne-bn-cp-¯p¶ tPmkv. sI. am\p-h-ensâ teJ-\-hpw.

CXc Iem-km-ln-Xy-cq-]-§-tfmSpw Bi-bm-hn-jvImc coXn-I-tfm-Sp-apÅ kao-]-\-¯n \n¶v hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-¡Ww kn\n-a-tbm-SpÅ kao-]\w F¶ Nn´m-KXn temI-hym-]-I-am-bn-¯-s¶-bp-­v. ImcWw, kn\na Pohn-X-¯nsâ t\À¡mgvN-bm-Wv. AXv Pohn-X-t¯mSv IqSp-X ASp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶p. AXv A¨-Sn¨ hm¡p-I-tf-¡mÄ  ià-amWv. AXnsâ Ah-X-cWw IqSp-X kXy-k-Ô-am-Wv. AXv AS-¨n« Xob-ä-dn-\p-Ånse Ccp-«n _mly-_-Ô-§-fn \n¶v apà-\mbn Ccn-¡p¶ t{]£-I-\n ià-amb kzm[o\w sNep-¯p-¶p. AXv hnIm-c-§sf Bfn-¡-¯n-¡p-¶p. AXp-sIm-­p-Xs¶ kn\n-abv¡v sk³k-dnwKv A\n-hmcy-am-Wv.

sk³k-dnwKv F¶m skIvkpw hb-e³kpw sh«n-am-äepw Ak-`y-]-Z-§Ä¡p ]Icw ‘_o]v’ i_vZw tIĸn¡epw kÀ«n^n¡äv \ÂIepw am{X-a-Ã. AXv A`n-cp-Nn-Isf cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ `c-W-IqSbpàn- Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. C¶v sk³k-dnwKv F¶ hm¡n\v temI-sa-¼mSpw P\m-[n-]Xy hncp-²-amb `c-W-IqS CS-s]-S F¶ Hä AÀ°w am{X-amWv \ÂIn-¡m-Wp-¶-Xv. `c-W-IqS `oI-cX-bv¡¸pdw ]e AS-cp-I-fn-embn \ne-\n¡p¶ AZriy sk³kÀjn¸ns\¡qSn ImWn¨p Xcp-¶p­v BÀ. hn. Fw. Znhm-I-c³ ‘kn\n-a, sk³kÀ, kÀ¤mßIX’ F¶ teJ-\-¯nÂ.

\nc-h[n kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-I-fpsS klm-b-t¯msS cq]-s¸-«-XmWv kn\n-a. FsX-¦nepw Hcp Imcy-¯n kw`-hn¨ amä-a-Ã, H«-t\Iw kmt¦-XnI taJ-e-bn D­mb hfÀ¨-bmWv kn\n-asb C¶p ImWp¶ coXn-bn-em-¡n-b-Xv. Iyma-d, sdt¡m-Unw-Kv, sseänw-Kv, FUn-änwKv XpS§n hnX-c-W-¯n hsc kw`-hn¨ amä-§Ä kn\n-asb kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶p-­v. UnPn-ä kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS IS-¶p-h-chv kn\n-asb kw_-Ôn-¡p¶ ImgvN-¸m-Sn hsc amä-§Ä sIm­p-h-¶n-«p-­v.

kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy F{X-t¯mfw hnI-kn-¨mepw IY ]d-bp-¶-Xnsâ, Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xnsâ, coXn-IÄ¡v amä-ap-­m-Ip-¶n-Ã. Imc-Ww, BJym\ k{¼-Zm-b-¯n\v \nb-X-amb Hcp N«-¡q-Sp-­v. AXp-sIm­v kmt¦-Xn-I-Xsb k{In-b-ambn BJym-\-¯n-tebv¡v tI{µoI-cn¡p-I-bmWv th­Xv F¶pw AXm-bn-cn-¡Ww hÀ¯am\-Im-es¯ Ne-¨n{X {]hÀ¯\§-fp-sSbpw At\z-j-W-§-fp-sSbpw {][m\ taJe F¶pw tUm. Sn. PntXjv \nco-£n-¡p-¶p-­v.(kn-\n-abpw kmt¦-XnI hnZy-bpw)

ae-bmf kn\n-am-\n-cq-]-I-cn A[n-I-amcpw IS¶p sNÃm¯ taJ-e-bmb, tImaUn kn\naI-fn s]mXpth ImWp¶ BW-¯, A[n-Imc ImgvN-I-sf¸-än-Bg-¯n-epÅ ]T-\-amWv _m_p CSw-]m-S-¯nsâ  ‘tIma-Un, BW-¯w, A[n-Imcw - --ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bpsS P\-{]nb Imgv¨-IÄ’ F¶ teJ-\w. At±-l-¯nsâ ImgvN-¸m-SnÂ, kn\na F¶ P\{]nbIemcq]w AXnsâ Zriy§fneqsS FÃmbvt¸mgpw s]mXpkaql¯n A´Àeo\ambncn¡p¶ BW[nImc¡mgvNIsfbmWv Dev]mZn¸n¡pIbpw \ne\nÀ¯pIbpw ]p\cpXv]mZn¸n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶Xv. ]pcpjsâ ImgvNmioe§Ä¡\pkcn¨mWv  kn\nabpsS Bhnjv¡mcw km[yam¡p¶Xv. ]pcpj\pth­n kl\§fpsS aeNhn«n, Ahsâ CÑbv¡v hnt[bbmIphm³ am{Xw Pohn¡p¶ kv{XoIfpsS HXp§n¡qSepIfn Ahsf AS¡n`cnt¡­Xpw kwc£nt¡­Xpw BW¯¯nsâ e£Wam¡n aebmf kn\nam¡mgvNIÄ apt¶m«pshbv¡p¶p. PmXn, ]Zhn, hÀKw, k¼¯v, Icp¯v XpS§nbhsbÃmamWv   BW¯¯nsâ taÂt¡mbvamkqNI§fmbn kn\na \nÀ½ns¨Sp¡p¶Xv. aebmfn kaqlw ]pcpj\pIev]n¨p \ÂInb A[oiXzw \ne\nÀ¯p¶Xn\pff {]Xybimkv{X D]IcWamWv IpSpw_w F¶ Øm]\w F¶pw At±lw \nco-£n-¡p-¶p.

_m_p CSw-]m-S-¯nsâ \nco-£-W-§-tfm-sSm¸w tNÀ¯ph¨v hmbnt¡­ teJ-\-amWv sI. _o\-bpsS ‘hnip² kv{Xo k¦ev](\)w aebmf kn\nabnÂþ ]n. ]ßcmPsâ kn\naIsf ASnØm\am¡nbpÅ ]T\w’. ]ßcmPsâ an¡ kv{Xo IYm]m{X§fpw kv{XoXz¯nsâ km{¼ZmbnI amXrIIfpsS s]mfns¨gp¯v \nÀÆln¨hcmWv F¶v AhÀ Øm]n-¡p-¶p.

       Cu {KÙ-¯n DÄs¸Sp¯n-bn-«pÅ aäv teJ-\-§-fn FSp¯p ]d-tb-­-h-bmWv ‘BWp-§fpw A]-c-·mcpw: `c-X³ kn\n-asb ap³\nÀ¯n bpÅ hnNm-c-§Ä’ (tUm. Ìmen³Zmkv), ‘IY-bnÂ\n¶v Xnc-¡-Y-bn-se-¯p-t¼mÄ’ (hn\p G{_lmw), ‘t]m¡n-cn-s¸-®p-§Äþ B£³ kn\n-a-bpsS enwK-cm-jv{Sobw’ (bm-t¡m_v tXma-kv), ‘ASq-cnsâ Ne-¨n-{X-ZÀi\w’ (tUm. C. _m\ÀPn) ‘Ifn-¡-f-§fn N¯p-ho-gp¶ C³U-y³Pohn-X-§Ä þ tZio-bX, ZfnXnkw F¶n-hsb {]ta-b-am-¡p¶ C³Uy³kn\n-a-IÄ’ (tUm.\ujmZv .Fkv), ‘ag-hn-Ãntebv ¡v Fdn-ª-tXm¡v : `mkvI-c-]-t«-ecpw Fsâ Pohn-Xhpw þ  ASp-À kn\n-a-bm-¡n-b-t¸mÄ’ (tUm. BÀ.-_n. {ioIe), ‘b£nbpw It¼mfw I\n-ªp- \ÂInb If-fn-¸m--e-Ifpw’ (tUm. {]-tamZv IpamÀ. Un. F³), ‘Iym-a-dm-Im-es¯ {]Wbw’ (tUm.jq_. sI. Fkv.) F¶n-h.

       C¯-c-¯n-semcp kam-lmcw {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡m³ Ign-ªXn\v Hcp-]mSv t]tcmSv \µn-bp-­v. {]tXy-In-¨v, CXv ]pkvX-I-cq-]-¯n-em-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th­n {]b-Xv\n¨ Fsâ kplr-¯v, F³. _n. kptc-jn-t\m-Sv. FÃm t{]mÕm-l-\-§fpw X¶ kl-{]-hÀ¯IÀ¡pw kplr-¯p-¡Ä¡pw CXv {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡m³ XmXv]-cy-]qÀÆw X¿m-dmb temtKmkv _pIvkn\pw {]tXyIw \µn ]d-bp-¶p.

       A¡m-Z-anI Xe-¯n Ne-¨n-{X-s¯-¡p-dn¨v Bg-¯n Adn-bm³ {ian-¡p¶ A²ym-]-IÀ¡pw Kth-j-IÀ¡pw hnZymÀ°n-IÄ¡pw kÀtÆm-]cn kn\n-a-sb-¡pdn¨v a\-Ên-em-¡m³ Xmev]-cy-s¸-Sp¶, kn\n-asb kvt\ln-¡p¶ GsXm-cmÄ¡pw amÀ¤-ZÀi-I-am-Im³ Cu ]pkvX-I-¯n\v Ignbpw F¶v {]Xo-£n-¡p-¶p.